Useful Information

BAF (Bunker Adjustment Factor)

CAF (Currency Adjustment Factor)

Distributed Inventory

Narrow Aisle Storage System

Shelving systems are used in warehouses to make more efficient use of storage space vertically. The spaces between shelving systems are called aisles. When standard handling equipment (forklifts, reach trucks, etc.) is used, these aisles must be approximately 3 meters wide. This storage system uses special handling equipment to reduce the width of these aisles to around 2 meters, allowing for efficient use of warehouse space horizontally as well.

Narrow Aisle Stacking Equipment

This equipment is used to place and retrieve pallets on shelves by moving along corridors using guides such as rails, laser beams, or magnetic lines within the Narrow Aisle Storage System. Models where the operator’s cabin can move vertically with the product are called “man-up,” while models where the cabin remains fixed at floor rack level are called “man-down.” “Man-up” models can be used not only for pallet handling but also for order picking from high racks.

DAT (Delivered At Terminal)

This is a delivery term used in international trade for all modes of transport, including various types of transport, where the cost of goods, insurance, freight, and inland transport are paid. It means that the seller delivers the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the designated terminal at the designated destination or port, unloaded from the arriving means of transport. DAT means that the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer at the terminal point agreed upon by the buyer and seller, with the unloading costs borne by the seller.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

This is a delivery term used in international trade for goods transported by any mode of transport, including various types of transport, with the cost of the goods, insurance, freight, and inland transport paid. The seller’s delivery obligation ends when the goods are held ready for delivery at the designated place in the importing country. The seller is responsible for the risk and costs of transporting the goods to that point, including the necessary taxes, duties, and other fees for customs clearance.

Demurrage

This refers to the ship exceeding the loading and unloading time allowed to it, or the cargo waiting in the container not being cleared through customs and unloaded before the allotted time.

Electric Pallet Jack (Stacker)

This is an electric equipment used for stacking palletized loads by moving them vertically. The equipment does not have a cabin for the operator; the operator uses the equipment on foot. Compared to classic stacking equipment like reach trucks, it is a smaller and more economical product, but its maximum height is lower.

Electric Pallet Truck (Jet)

This is manually operated, electric (battery-powered) equipment used for practically moving palletized loads horizontally. Its ability to move/stack pallets vertically is very limited.

Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)

This is the process of people buying real or virtual products for money on specific systems over the internet.

Electronic Product Code

This is a code containing information such as the code version, manufacturer/producer information, product type, and product serial number for the global, instant, and automatic identification and tracking of a product in the supply chain.

Handling

A general term used in logistics facilities for all processes such as moving products, disassembling and reassembling packaging, changing container sizes, checking, labeling, and stretching.

Commodity

The name given to all goods and products that are the subject of trade.

Inventory

A physical and/or financial list of all fixed assets and stocks in a business.

Access Area

A passageway used to access shelves or stacks. Used for material counting purposes.

Flexibility

The ability to adapt to changes in consumer demand.

Flexi Conveyor

A conveyor model where each section is 1 meter long and, thanks to its scissor-like structure, can extend and shorten to adapt to different distances.

Simultaneous Receipt and Order Preparation (Flow Thru)

Similar to cross-docking, this process involves sorting and shipping products received from suppliers according to customer orders without storing them in stock. Unlike cross-docking, there may be a need to modify the contents of the shipping container; therefore, the products within the container are handled individually and simultaneously subjected to both receipt and order preparation processes. If the quantity of a product exceeds the order quantity, the remaining quantity (referred to as residue) is only processed through the goods receipt process and added to stock. This ensures that the incoming product is partially or completely matched and sorted against orders at the receiving stage, and only those that do not match are added to stock, thus reducing operational processes and saving resources.

ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival)

Estimated arrival date.

Euro Pallet (EUR – pallet)

European countries have gradually standardized pallets, defining characteristics such as dimensions, quality, material type, moisture content, and the type of nails used, and have designated pallets conforming to these standards as Euro Pallets. The standard number for Euro Pallets is UIC 435-2V. Their dimensions are 80 cm x 120 cm.

FAS (Free Alongside Ship)

This is a delivery term used in international trade for sea and inland waterway transport, where the cost of the goods and inland transportation to the port are paid. It means the seller delivers the goods, customs cleared for export, alongside the vessel chosen by the buyer at the designated loading port (on the quay). From the moment of delivery, the risks of loss or damage to the goods belong to the buyer. All costs and freight related to the goods are borne by the buyer from this point onwards.

Invoice

This is a document issued by the seller containing information such as product, quantity, quality, method of sale, weight, address, date, etc.

FCA (Free Carrier)

This is a delivery term used in international trade for all types of transport, where the cost of the goods and inland transportation to the designated location are paid. It means the seller’s obligation ends when the goods, customs cleared for export, are delivered to the carrier designated by the buyer at the location specified by the buyer. If the buyer has appointed someone other than the carrier to receive the goods, the seller is considered to have fulfilled their delivery obligation by leaving the goods with that person.

Feeder Service

This refers to the transfer or delivery of goods from large vessels to smaller vessels or barges, or vice versa. Direct service from large vessels is often not possible.

FIFO (First In First Out)

This is a rule commonly used in warehousing and cost accounting, stipulating that the first material to enter storage will be the first to leave.

Fictive

This is a type of bonded warehouse where a private company stores only its own bonded goods.

Fleet Management

In logistics companies, fleet management refers to the harmonious and orderly management and operation of the company’s own vehicles, equipment, garages, and infrastructure systems. It encompasses all aspects of the business, including where and when vehicles will be, their maintenance, their accommodation, the equipment on board, and driver status.

Physical Distribution

This involves the physical transportation, storage, inventory control, packaging, information communication, and order processing of manufactured goods to consumers.

Physical Inventory Count

This is the process of counting and recording all inventory in a warehouse or facility, usually once or twice a year, in a specific order, by temporarily suspending incoming and outgoing transactions.

FOB (Free On Board)

This is an international delivery term. The seller loads the goods onto the ship provided by the buyer at the specified date and location. Any damage, loss, and expenses that may occur after the goods have passed over the ship’s railing (deck) are the responsibility of the buyer. The seller prepares all necessary documents for export and delivers the goods after completing customs procedures.

Forklift

A forklift is a lifting/hauling vehicle with forks used for loading, unloading, transporting, placing, stacking, etc., in both open and closed areas.

Refrigerated Transportation

This refers to the transportation of fresh and frozen food at temperatures down to -26 degrees Celsius.

Full Truck Load (FTL)

This is the load that completely fills the transport capacity (volume, weight) of a trailer.

Vehicle Dimensions (Gabar):

These are the measurements that determine the length, width, and height of vehicles to ensure their safe movement on the road, whether loaded or unloaded.

Temporary Acceptance:

This is the process of importing raw materials, semi-finished products, or finished goods from abroad, transforming them into semi-finished or finished products within the country by adding/not adding different materials or performing value-added processes (labor, etc.), and then exporting them abroad.

Revenue Management:

This is the process of increasing revenues through efficient practices.

Covered Warehouse:

This is a type of building where the shelving system is used not only for product storage but also as the main load-bearing system of the warehouse building. After the shelving system is installed, facade and roof panels are applied, and mechanical and electrical systems are also integrated into the shelving system. Therefore, compared to classic warehouse shelving, covered warehouse shelving cannot be flexibly disassembled and moved without affecting the building, and repositioning is not possible.

Hidden Damage:

This is the situation where products inside a container that appears undamaged are later found to be damaged.

Sender

The party requesting the transportation of the product is the company.

GPRS

A communication technology that enables the transmission of data to users over the GSM network.

Groupage

The allocation of a transport vehicle or container to more than one sender.

Customs Declaration (Bill of Entry)

A written declaration document submitted to customs administrations specifying the characteristics, dimensions, and qualities of goods entering or leaving the country, transiting, or undergoing other processing. It is prepared in duplicate.

Customs Union

An agreement between one or more countries to facilitate import procedures, eliminate or reduce customs duties, and ensure the same customs tariff applies in all countries.

Customs Permit

A customs document indicating that all legal requirements have been met and the vehicle can depart.

Customs Registration

The process of obtaining customs approval for a customs declaration prepared by an exporting or importing company or its customs agent, and submitting it for customs approval to enable the import of the relevant goods.

Secure Zone

A designated area for storing special materials.

Safety Stock

The amount of stock held to prevent stock shortages due to unforeseen circumstances in supply time and consumption (sales) rate.

Route

The path that a person, goods, vehicle, service, or information will follow between predetermined starting and ending points.

Raw Materials

These are materials that are used extensively in production processes to obtain the final product.

Bill of Lading

A document used as a receipt in rail transportation. It does not have the characteristics of a negotiable instrument.

Moving Rack

A system where rack blocks can move horizontally with motor drive. This mobility allows for denser storage with fewer aisles. It is generally used in operations where the entry and exit handling speed is relatively low (such as archive storage).

Moving Ramp

Equipment that allows handling equipment to pass between the warehouse and the vehicle body. With its movable structure, it eliminates the height difference between vehicle bodies of different heights and the warehouse floor, acting as a bridge between them.

Damage

All damages that cause a loss of value, such as tearing, cracking, breaking, deterioration, deformation, wetting, etc., that occur during the transportation, storage, handling, etc., of materials.

Airway Bill

A non-negotiable transport document prepared between the sender and the air carrier.

Jettison

This refers to throwing materials overboard when the ship is in danger.

Joint Rate

The price applied from one point of transport to another. This is a single agreed-upon and approved tariff between transportation lines.

Just-In-Time Delivery System

A system for the shipment and delivery of materials from the required location to the required destination, at the required time and quantity, under the required conditions.

K1

This is the authorization certificate that individuals or legal entities must obtain from the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications to carry out intercity goods transportation by road with one or more owned vehicles.

Cabotage

In maritime trade, it is the granting of the right to transport goods within a country to carriers flying its own flag. It is also used in road transport as the right of commercial vehicle drivers to work in other countries.

Acceptance Credit

This is a payment method where a bill of exchange serves as the means of payment for goods, guaranteeing payment within a certain period. In other words, acceptance credit is a payment method where the price of the goods sold is paid to the seller on a date specified in a bill of exchange. This credit is used by the importer or, additionally, the importer’s bank, by accepting the bill of exchange presented along with the documents. In acceptance credit payments, banks act as intermediaries and charge a commission for this. If the bill of exchange issued by the seller is accepted only by the buyer, it is a “trade acceptance”. If it is foreseeable that a bill of exchange will be accepted by a bank, the bank will accept the bill or provide a guarantee for the importer’s acceptance. This is called “banker’s acceptance”. In this payment method, the exporter secures themselves against the importer who wants to make a purchase on credit by having the bank accept or guarantee the bill of exchange.

Graduated Inventory

These are successive inventories created for the same product throughout the supply chain to meet customer requirements.

Quality Control

The determination of the degree to which a product or service meets the foreseen quality conditions.

Kanban

In just-in-time production/supply systems, it is the information, document, signal, or electronic message that ensures the supply of the required material at the required time and quantity.

Capacity

The highest amount of production (output) that can be achieved under specified conditions, according to time or other criteria.

Road Transportation

A transportation model that involves transporting goods from the point of origin to the point of destination using road routes.

Quarantine Stock

Stock kept separate from sound products due to reasons such as faulty documentation, defective goods, recalls of faulty products, etc.

Multimodal Transportation

The use of at least two different transportation systems together within the same shipment.

Counter-trade

Transactions in which two groups of goods, considered to be of equal value, are directly and simultaneously exchanged through a single contract without financial payments or fund transfers. Barter contracts generally cover one-off transactions, not long-term and regular transactions with the same customer.

Value Added

The value a company adds to its inputs (total of labor, depreciation, profit, taxes, and liabilities) / the added or improved value, functionality, or benefit.

Value-Added Services (VAS)

These are operations performed in warehouses upon customer request, such as labeling, packaging, folding, temperature measurement, transfer, mixing, combining, separating, palletizing, light assembly, returns processing, destruction, adding user manuals, barcode processing, maintenance and repair, etc.

Sliding Rack

A rack designed for high turnover speed and better volume utilization; it implements the FIFO principle for boxes, pallets, etc., where after one package is picked up, other packages slide on inclined rollers to the unloading position.

Resource Planning

This is a periodic optimization study conducted to ensure that all owned and/or subcontracted resources are used efficiently and in a way that benefits the organization. Based on the results of resource planning, needs and demands may arise, and processes such as purchasing may also be triggered.

Kingpin

A large pin that connects the tractor to the semi-trailer.

Clause

These are warnings that supplement the general terms and conditions of the insurance policy and indicate specific conditions that require particular attention, according to the type of insurance.

Knocked Down (KD)

The process of disassembling a shipment into its parts for reassembly to make it more economical.

Code

A numerical or alphanumeric representation of text used to classify and separate commonly used information.

Box

A package of various sizes containing various items.

Box Label

A label on the outside of boxes used in transportation, showing the destination and/or contents of the box.

Combined Transport

A transportation system where road transport is used at the beginning and end of the journey, and the long-distance transport in between is carried out by rail, river, canal, or sea.

Complete

The allocation of a transport vehicle or container to a sender.

Consignment Export – Consignments

A type of export where goods are sent to foreign buyers, commission agents, or the exporter’s overseas branch offices for later sale. The relevant person or organization receiving the goods sent for sale…

L2 Document

According to the Road Transport Law, this is a type of authorization certificate that companies engaged in international logistics operations must possess. The document is valid for 5 years, provided that no violations specified in the law occur.

LIFO (Last In First Out)

The principle that the last material to enter should be the first to leave.

Logistics

The physical flow consisting of transportation, warehousing, packaging, and handling, and the service flow consisting of customs clearance, insurance, supervision, inventory management, and order management.

Logistics Management

The supply chain process stage that involves the efficient and effective planning, implementation, and control of the forward and backward flows and storage of goods, services, and related information between points of production and consumption to meet customer requirements.

Low-bed (Gooseneck Trailer)

This is a semi-trailer used to transport loads that are outside the standards of international and domestic road transport regulations, such as heavy construction machinery or special project loads, and that differ in length, height, width, and tonnage from what normal trucks or trailers can carry.

Return to Country of Origin

This is the return of imported goods to the country of origin if they do not meet the required specifications.

Goods Receipt

This is the process of accepting goods that arrive at the warehouse. The process includes unloading the cargo and moving it to the goods receiving area, comparing the physical information with the recorded information, receiving the goods into the warehouse, and keeping a record.

Goods Receipt Area

This is the area where the acceptance process for goods arriving at the warehouse is carried out.

Cash Against Goods

This is a payment method where the price of the exported goods is paid after the goods are received by the importer.

Material Request

This is a request to receive goods from the warehouse or to initiate a purchase if the goods are not in stock.

Material Management

This is the management of all materials within a company, including activities such as coding, requirements planning, inventory control, procurement, warehousing, etc.

Manifest

This is a document prepared by the carrier and its agent showing a list of details. It is a summary of the total cargo details on the vehicle. Generally used for customs purposes.

Maut

In Germany, this is a highway usage tax levied on vehicles over 12 tons.

Certificate of Origin

In international trade, this is a document showing the origin of goods in circulation, i.e., the place where they were produced and therefore the country to which they belong.

Seasonal Stock

This is the stock held before the start of a season to meet the consumption expected throughout the season.

Mezzanine Type (Platform – Walkway) Racking System

This is a racking system used for storing small and multi-item products such as spare parts, ready-made clothing, accessories, and cosmetics. It allows access to each product without the need for equipment and enables efficient use of warehouse space vertically. It allows personnel to walk on the platforms within the racks, thus enabling a high-rise warehouse to be used like a mezzanine.

Inspection

This is the inspection of materials at storage or customs points under the supervision of internal or external personnel (third parties), with samples taken and analyzed when necessary.

Force Majeure

A clause in contracts stating that parties cannot be held liable for unforeseen circumstances beyond their control (earthquake, flood, war, etc.).

Seal

A type of locking system applied to a vehicle after customs clearance to indicate that it cannot be opened without authorization until delivery.

Customer

The institution or person to whom the product or services are sold.

Customer Relationship Management

Providing more effective and efficient services to customers through multifaceted and cross-analyses of customer characteristics and sales and marketing activities.

Shipping Insurance:

Insurance that covers damage to goods or vehicles during transportation.

Freight

The fee paid for transportation services.

Optimization

This is a concept that parallels resource planning. It aims to maximize the use of existing resources through actions and plans implemented within those resources, increasing measurable values ​​such as efficiency and profitability, while simultaneously minimizing performance criteria such as penalties, delays, and losses.

Delivery Order

This is an order or instruction prepared to ensure the partial withdrawal of goods listed on the bill of lading. The delivery order is also an instruction for the customs clearance of goods against the bill of lading.

Average Stock

This is the average stock level held for a product, a product group, or all products over a specific period.

Automated Warehousing System (AS/RS)

This is a warehousing system where the placement and retrieval of materials from storage are carried out using computer-controlled equipment. Robots capable of horizontal and vertical movement operate in each aisle for placement and retrieval purposes. Payment Methods (Made Of Payment)

Letter of Credit (L/C): A conditional undertaking issued by a bank at the request of a buyer, guaranteeing payment to a specified seller upon presentation of documents relating to the goods or services, as detailed by the buyer. Acceptance Credit: A payment method where payment for goods is guaranteed within a certain period, with a bill of exchange serving as the instrument. In other words, acceptance credit is a payment method where the price of the goods sold is paid to the seller on a date specified in a bill of exchange. This credit is utilized by the importer or, additionally, the importer’s bank accepting the bill of exchange presented along with the documents. In acceptance credit payments, banks act as intermediaries and charge a commission for this. A “trade acceptance” exists only if the bill of exchange issued by the seller is accepted by the buyer. If it is foreseeable that a bank will accept the bill of exchange, the bank may accept the bill or provide a guarantee for the importer’s acceptance. This is called “banker’s acceptance.” In this payment method, the exporter secures themselves against the importer who wants to make a purchase on credit by having the bank accept or endorse the bill of exchange. Counter-trade: These are transactions where two groups of goods, considered to be of equal value, are directly and simultaneously exchanged through a single contract that does not involve financial payments or fund transfers. Barter contracts generally cover one-time transactions, not long-term and regular transactions with the same customer. Consignment Export: This is a form of export where goods are sent to foreign buyers, commission agents, or the exporter’s overseas branches for later final sale. The relevant person or organization receiving the goods sells them at market value. They deduct commission and other expenses from the sales revenue and send the remaining amount to the exporter in foreign currency through an authorized bank. Cash Against Goods: A payment method where the price of the exported goods is paid after the importer receives the goods. Cash Before Delivery (Advance Payment/Prepayment/Cash Before Delivery): A payment method where the importer pays the exporter the price of the goods before the actual export. Cash Against Documents (CAD): A payment method where the importer’s bank pays the export price to the exporter’s bank, and in return, the importer receives the documents. The importer has the right to clear the goods from customs with the payment documents received. This payment method is also called payment against documents.

Dead Stock

Stock that has not been demanded or consumed for a certain period.

Summary Declaration

A document showing that the goods to be imported and exported have arrived at customs.

Private Warehouse

A type of warehouse where a company stores only its own goods.

Packaging

A container made of metal, plastic, cardboard, etc., that protects products from external influences and holds them together, facilitating marketing, transportation, storage, and distribution processes.

Packaging

The entirety of protective means used to ensure the safe transportation of a product throughout the distribution chain from producer to consumer.

Palletizing

The stacking of products on pallets for transportation and storage.

Panel Van

A light commercial vehicle (semi-enclosed open body) similar to a minibus, with a 3-5 meter enclosed body, designed for transporting goods. While goods are transported openly in a truck, this model carries goods in an empty compartment, like a closed warehouse.

Partial Shipments

A method of transporting goods from different customers on the same route using the same truck.

Cash Payment (Advance Payment / Prepayment / Cash Before Delivery)

A payment method where the importer pays the exporter the price of the goods before the actual export.

Planning

This involves creating loading plans based on cargo requests from our customers and/or agents, taking into account our available resources and customer requests, and then dispatching the cargo.

Insurance Policy

A written contract indicating that an insurance agreement has been made and showing the mutual terms and conditions (the rights and obligations of both parties).

Proforma Invoice

A preliminary invoice issued by the seller to the buyer, showing all the details of the agreement.

Promotion

Innovations or advantages offered to increase sales.

Shelving

A storage device made of metal, wood, or plastic, used in warehouses to maintain order, place products on, utilize height, and protect goods. It is either permanently fixed or its dimensions can be adjusted as needed.

Ramp

An area that ensures the truck bed and the loading area are at the same height, thus facilitating unloading and loading operations.

Rail Aisle

An aisle with guide rails that allows narrow aisle stackers to move in a specific direction.

Reach-Truck

Electrically operated stacking equipment that provides easy, comfortable, fast, and safe movement in warehouses with wide aisles (approximately 3 meters wide), side loading, and stacking at heights of 10-13 meters to meet storage needs.

Reinsurance

The process by which insurance companies transfer a predetermined portion of the risks they cover to other insurance companies in exchange for a premium.

Reserved Areas

These are designated areas, such as cross-docking areas, used for placement, picking, or other purposes.

Reserved Stock

This is the required quantity of stock set aside for a specific product based on a work order or order.

RF Handheld Terminal (Radio Frequency)

These are easy-to-use, mobile handheld computers that collect information by scanning barcodes, QR codes, or manually using keys, and deliver this collected information online via radio frequency to the desired system database without loss or error. They also display information from the system database to guide personnel via the screen.

RF ID

This is an automatic identification system consisting of a microchip with an antenna and a reader, integrated with a software-hardware system, where data communication between the label and the reader is provided via radio waves.

Routing

This is the process of determining the sequence and route of transportation from the starting point to the destination points.

Trailer

A road transport vehicle designed for carrying cargo, towed by a towing vehicle, manufactured to suit the characteristics of the cargo it will carry, and capable of parking on its own wheels.

Tugboat

A motorized marine vessel that assists large ships in maneuvering quickly and safely in port areas.

Roller Conveyor

Equipment that moves products or transport containers (pallets, baskets, etc.) by rotating the placed roller molds with a motor.

R2 Certificate (R2 Document)

A type of authorization certificate that companies organizing international transport operations must possess according to the Road Transport Law. The certificate is valid for 5 years, provided that no violations specified in the law occur.

Fixed Storage Policy

A policy where each product is stored in a dedicated area allocated for it.

Fixed Price

A price that is not subject to any changes.

Fixed Costs

Costs that remain constant and are not affected by the quantity of work done in the short term.

Purchase

The transfer of ownership of goods or services from seller to buyer at the desired quality, time, and quantity, at a suitable price, with a suitable delivery and payment plan, and additional conditions if deemed necessary.

Free Zone

Although part of the Turkish Customs Territory, these are areas where goods not in free circulation are placed without being subject to any customs regime or being put into free circulation, and are not used or consumed except in cases foreseen in customs legislation. For the purposes of applying import duties and trade policy measures, these areas are considered outside the Turkish Customs Territory, and goods in free circulation benefit from the opportunities normally associated with the export of goods due to their placement in a free zone.

Packing Slip

An official document stating the name of the cargo, quantity, freight cost, and invoice number on the vehicle. It is a mandatory document to be prepared and kept with the goods during the transportation of commercial goods from one place to another, for the purpose of tax compliance control during transport.

Shipment

The process of sorting requests (orders) according to specific criteria (shipping day, location, loading vehicle, route, quantity, etc.) and removing them from the warehouse to the requested locations with the relevant official documents.

Border Crossing

Indicates the country borders where export and/or import vehicles enter or exit countries on their transit routes.

Stacking

Stacking goods on the ground in a planned manner without using shelves.

Back-to-Back Shelf Spacing

In a back-to-back shelf system, the space left between two shelves, taking into account the overhangs of pallets.

Back-to-Back Racking System

This is the most common, economical, and widely used racking system where the front faces of the shelves face the aisle and the back faces are placed close to each other, providing direct access to all product types. It can be operated manually or with handling equipment and is highly suitable for pallet use.

Insurance

A bilateral written contract with an organization dealing with this matter, in exchange for a premium paid in advance, to cover damages that may arise as a result of the occurrence of possible risks.

Order Confirmation Number

A number indicating a confirmed order for goods to be delivered on a specific date. This number is used to receive materials and track this receipt throughout the accounts receivable period.

Order Picking

The process of preparing goods or services for shipment by warehouse personnel, based on the quantity and time specified by the customer to the company.

Order Picking Machine (Picker)

A material handling equipment designed for manually picking orders from shelves that are less than a pallet load. It allows the operator to move around on the machine while picking orders horizontally and vertically.

Order Picker

Stacking equipment that allows the operator to move upwards and pick orders.

Order Management

The process of fulfilling requests or orders, pricing them, keeping records, controlling inventory, allocating stock, notifying relevant parties of production/purchase requirements, tracking orders, monitoring deliveries and collections.

Salvation

The monetary value assigned to damaged goods by an insurance adjuster.

Promised Inventory

Planned stock quantities that indicate when future sales orders can be fulfilled.

Ratchet Strap

A general term for polyester straps that pass over the load, are fixed to the surface on which the load will be carried, and are used to secure the load by tightening it with a tensioning mechanism known as a “ratchet”.

Spot Vehicle

A general term for vehicles operated by independent contractors with one-time transportation agreements.

Standard Pallet Rack

A classic rack designed for standard pallets according to Euro and ISO norms, etc.

Standard Product Code

A code given by the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC), where the first five characters identify the manufacturer and the remaining five characters identify the product.

Inventory

Materials generally kept in warehouses to meet future or potential needs.

Inventory Turnover Ratio

The ratio of the cost or quantity of goods sold to the average inventory value or quantity for a specific operating period.

Stock Adjustment

These are system-based stock increase or decrease operations performed to correct stock errors that occur on the system.

Stock Control

Inventory control involves continuously or periodically monitoring stocks to prevent stock surpluses or shortages.

Demand

The need for a specific quantity of a particular material.

Demand Planning

Determining the demand for a product or service for a projected period (12 months, 6 months, 3 months, 1 month, etc.) by considering both past sales data and future factors using a scenario approach, on a product family, product, or location basis.

Demand Forecasting

Using various forecasting approaches under specific conditions to determine the quantitative and/or qualitative values ​​of demand for products and services.

Buffer Stock

Stock held between work centers to balance the production flow.

Transportation

The transfer of people and goods between specific points.

Delivery Note

An official document used to record every quantitative movement of tangible assets in a business, such as commercial goods, raw materials, scrap, and fixed assets.

Portable Shelving

A shelving unit that can be moved, empty or full.

Procurement

The entire process of research, selection, planning, inventory control, purchasing, transportation, receiving, evaluation, etc., necessary to obtain the required machinery, tools, equipment, raw materials, materials, parts, semi-finished products, products, and services from suitable suppliers.

Supply Chain

The name given to the entirety of activities, including organizations, people, and technology, that encompass the movement from supplier to customer. It is a chain that connects many companies.

Supplier

A company that provides goods and services.

Hazardous Material

A material that requires special attention during transportation and storage because of the risk of harm to health, safety, and other materials in its environment.

Lead Time

The time between the placement of a purchase order or production order for a product/service and the delivery of the order or the completion of product production.

Reverse Logistics

The process of returning goods and/or packaging materials to the supplier after delivery to the customer(s) due to damage, return, rejection, recovery of packaging materials, expiration date, obsolescence, disposal, repair, and other reasons.

Receipt

The process of receiving goods from authorized personnel by a company representative.

Certificate of Delivery

A document issued by a company providing storage, transportation, and/or value-added services, documenting that the goods have passed into the responsibility of the relevant party by signing and stamping upon receipt or delivery of the goods from the supplier or customer.

Delivery Time

The date and/or time when a good is delivered to the customer.

THC (Terminal Handling Charges)

The handling fee at the port.

TIR Carnet

A customs transit document that enables transportation under a procedure from the customs office at the point of origin to the customs office at the point of destination. It is divided into types according to the number of pages it contains: 4, 6, 14, and 20 sheets.

Tonnage

The carrying capacity of a cargo vehicle in tons.

Picking Area

A pre-determined area for each piece of cargo used in picking, placement, and replenishment operations.

Pallet Truck

A material handling equipment suitable for working at low positions, used in warehouses for order picking, vehicle loading, and unloading.

Transit Loading

The transfer of cargo from one carrier to another in international transportation. Generally used in maritime transport.

Record

Documents signed by relevant parties to record a specific event or situation (goods receipt report, inventory report, shortage/surplus report, etc.).

UBAK (International Transport Forum)

Established on January 1, 1974. In 2006, UBAK was renamed the International Transport Forum (ITF). The UBAK document is a permit issued annually by the Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communications to companies meeting certain conditions, within the quota granted to member countries by the Secretariat. It is accompanied by a duly completed logbook and is used for transport between member countries.

International Transport

Any type of transport from one country to another, directly or in transit, by road, sea, rail, and/or air.

International Delivery Terms (Incoterms)

A program implemented by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) to standardize the terms used in international trade. There are a total of 11 delivery terms.

CFR (Cost and Freight): A delivery term used only in sea and inland waterway transport, where the cost of goods and freight are paid. In a standard contract, the seller assumes all costs and risks, transporting the goods to the port of loading and delivering them to the ship for export, customs cleared. The risk of damage or loss to the goods passes to the buyer when the goods are loaded onto the ship, while the transfer of costs to the buyer occurs at the port of arrival. CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight): This is a delivery term used in international trade, exclusively for sea and inland waterway transport, where the cost, insurance, and freight are paid. The seller assumes all costs and risks, transporting the goods to the port of loading and delivering them to the ship for export, customs cleared. Additionally, the seller arranges an insurance contract on behalf of the buyer with a minimum coverage rate to cover the risk of loss or damage during transport. The risk of damage or loss to the goods passes to the buyer when the goods are loaded onto the ship, while the transfer of costs to the buyer occurs at the port of arrival, and the risk passes to the buyer. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To): This is a delivery term used in international trade, used in all modes of transport, where the cost, insurance, and freight are paid. This means that the seller will deliver the goods, customs cleared for export, to a carrier or other person of their choosing at a designated place (if such a place has been agreed upon by the parties), and the seller is obliged to pay the transportation costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. The seller obtains insurance with a minimum coverage rate appropriate to the type of goods shipped, by paying the insurance premium. The seller is deemed to have fulfilled their “delivery obligation” not when the goods arrive at the destination, but when they are delivered to the carrier. CPT (Carriage Paid To): This is a delivery term used in international trade for all modes of transport, where the cost of the goods and freight are paid. It is especially used in multimodal transport. It means that the seller will deliver the goods, customs cleared for export, to a carrier or other person of their choosing at a designated place (if such a place has been agreed upon by the parties), and the seller is obliged to pay the transportation costs to bring the goods to the specified destination. As a general rule, all risks and costs other than freight related to the goods pass to the buyer from the moment the goods are handed over to the first carrier. DAP (Delivered At Place): This is a delivery term used in international trade for all modes of transport, including various types of carriage, where the cost of goods, insurance, freight, and inland transportation are paid. It signifies delivery by the seller placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the designated destination, without unloading them from the arriving vehicle. The seller assumes all risks and costs associated with bringing the goods to the designated destination. The seller bears all costs up to the destination, but customs procedures and costs in the buyer’s country are the responsibility of the buyer. DAT (Delivered At Terminal): This is a delivery term used in international trade for all modes of transport, including various types of carriage, where the cost of goods, insurance, freight, and inland transportation are paid. It signifies delivery by the seller placing the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the designated destination or at a designated terminal in the port, unloaded from the arriving vehicle. DAT means that the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer at the terminal point agreed upon by the buyer and seller, with unloading costs covered by the seller. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid): A delivery term used in international trade where the cost of goods, insurance, freight, and domestic transportation are paid, and this term is used for all modes of transport, including a wide variety of transportation. The seller’s obligation to deliver ends when the goods are made available at the designated place in the importing country. The seller is responsible for all risks and expenses, including transportation to that point and customs clearance. Ex Works: An international trade term where the cost of goods is paid only, and the seller delivers the goods to the buyer at their own warehouse or premises.

This is a delivery method in international trade. From the moment the goods are delivered at the seller’s premises, all costs, risks, and other liabilities related to the goods are borne by the buyer. The seller is not obligated to load the goods onto any means of transport, nor is he/she obligated to carry out customs clearance procedures if required for export. FAS (Free Alongside Ship): This is a delivery method used in international trade involving sea and inland waterway transport, where the cost of the goods and inland transportation to the port are paid. It means that the seller delivers the goods, customs cleared for export, alongside the vessel chosen by the buyer at the designated loading port (on the quay). From the moment of delivery, the risks of loss or damage to the goods belong to the buyer. From this point on, all costs and freight related to the goods are borne by the buyer. FCA (Free Carrier): This is a delivery method used in international trade involving all types of transport, where the cost of the goods and inland transportation to the designated location are paid. It means that the seller’s obligation ends when the goods, customs cleared for export, are delivered to the carrier designated by the buyer at the location specified by the buyer. If the buyer has appointed someone other than the carrier to receive the goods, the seller is considered to have fulfilled their delivery obligation by leaving the goods with that person. FOB (Free On Board): This is a delivery term used in international trade for sea and inland waterway transport, where the cost of the goods and inland transportation to the designated port are paid. It means that the seller delivers the goods at the designated loading port, customs cleared for export, on the ship chosen by the buyer. Any damage, loss, and expenses that may occur after the goods have passed over the ship’s railing (deck) are the responsibility of the buyer.

Third Party Logistics (3PL)

These are logistics companies that undertake the logistics activities (primarily transportation and warehousing) of their clients and are experts in this field. The term “first party” refers to the seller company, the term “second party” refers to the buyer company, and the term “third party” refers to the company that undertakes some services between the seller and buyer companies.

Production

This is the creation of useful products and/or services for users by using production resources such as materials, labor, energy, machinery, etc.

Product Storage and Addressing (Put Away)

This involves physically moving products to their designated stock locations within the warehouse after receiving them, and systematically matching the container identity with the address identity.

Product Stock

This is the quantity of each product in the warehouse.

Product Picking

This is the process of collecting products from their designated addresses within the warehouse, according to customer requests.

Cash Against Documents (CAD)

This is a payment method where the importer’s bank pays the export price to the exporter’s bank, and in return, the importer receives the documents. The importer then has the right to clear the goods from customs with the payment documents received. This payment method is also called payment against documents.

Crane

A vehicle used for lifting and moving heavy loads.

Cargo

The goods, products, or items being transported.

Loading

The process of safely loading materials onto a vehicle such as a train, airplane, or truck for shipment.

Loading Area

The area where cargo is placed, such as pallets or platforms.

Hazardous Substance

A substance that may pose risks to health, safety, and damage during storage and transport.

Endorsement

A document issued to specify changes that occur during the period in which the insurance policy is in effect.